diff --git a/tools/push3-evolution/mutate.ts b/tools/push3-evolution/mutate.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac198ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/push3-evolution/mutate.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+/**
+ * Push3 mutation operators for optimizer evolution.
+ *
+ * Implements five mutation operators on Push3 AST programs plus one meta-operator:
+ *   1. mutateConstant    — shift a random integer literal by ±δ
+ *   2. swapOperator      — replace an arithmetic opcode with its pair (ADD↔SUB, MUL↔DIV, GT↔LT)
+ *   3. deleteInstruction — remove a random instruction and validate
+ *   4. insertInstruction — insert a stack-neutral sequence at a random position
+ *   5. crossover         — single-point crossover of two programs at instruction boundaries
+ *   (meta) mutate        — apply N random mutations from operators 1–4
+ *
+ * All mutations validate the output via the transpiler's stack simulation.
+ * Invalid mutations silently return the original program.
+ */
+
+import { Node } from '../push3-transpiler/src/parser';
+import { transpile } from '../push3-transpiler/src/transpiler';
+
+export type Push3Program = Node;
+
+// ---- Swap map: arithmetic and comparison operator pairs ----
+
+const SWAP_PAIRS: Array<[string, string]> = [
+  ['DYADIC.+', 'DYADIC.-'],
+  ['DYADIC.-', 'DYADIC.+'],
+  ['DYADIC.*', 'DYADIC./'],
+  ['DYADIC./', 'DYADIC.*'],
+  ['DYADIC.>', 'DYADIC.<'],
+  ['DYADIC.<', 'DYADIC.>'],
+  ['DYADIC.>=', 'DYADIC.<='],
+  ['DYADIC.<=', 'DYADIC.>='],
+];
+
+const SWAP_MAP = new Map<string, string>(SWAP_PAIRS);
+
+// ---- Random helpers ----
+
+function rand(n: number): number {
+  return Math.floor(Math.random() * n);
+}
+
+function pick<T>(arr: T[]): T {
+  return arr[rand(arr.length)];
+}
+
+// ---- Immutable tree navigation and update ----
+
+/**
+ * Navigate to the node at the given path (sequence of list indices from root).
+ */
+export function getAt(root: Node, path: number[]): Node {
+  let cur = root;
+  for (const idx of path) {
+    if (cur.kind !== 'list') throw new Error('getAt: not a list at path step');
+    cur = cur.items[idx];
+  }
+  return cur;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return a new tree with the node at `path` replaced by `newNode`.
+ * Structurally shares all unchanged subtrees.
+ */
+export function replaceAt(root: Node, path: number[], newNode: Node): Node {
+  if (path.length === 0) return newNode;
+  if (root.kind !== 'list') throw new Error('replaceAt: not a list at path step');
+  const [head, ...rest] = path;
+  const newItems = root.items.map((item, i) =>
+    i === head ? replaceAt(item, rest, newNode) : item,
+  );
+  return { kind: 'list', items: newItems };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return a new tree with the item at `index` removed from the list at `parentPath`.
+ */
+function deleteAt(root: Node, parentPath: number[], index: number): Node {
+  const parent = getAt(root, parentPath);
+  if (parent.kind !== 'list') throw new Error('deleteAt: parent is not a list');
+  const newParent: Node = {
+    kind: 'list',
+    items: parent.items.filter((_, i) => i !== index),
+  };
+  return replaceAt(root, parentPath, newParent);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return a new tree with `inserted` spliced in at `index` within the list at `parentPath`.
+ */
+function insertAt(
+  root: Node,
+  parentPath: number[],
+  index: number,
+  inserted: Node[],
+): Node {
+  const parent = getAt(root, parentPath);
+  if (parent.kind !== 'list') throw new Error('insertAt: parent is not a list');
+  const items = [...parent.items];
+  items.splice(index, 0, ...inserted);
+  const newParent: Node = { kind: 'list', items };
+  return replaceAt(root, parentPath, newParent);
+}
+
+// ---- Node collectors ----
+
+/**
+ * Collect the path (root-to-node index sequence) of every node matching `test`.
+ */
+function collectPaths(
+  root: Node,
+  test: (n: Node) => boolean,
+  prefix: number[] = [],
+): number[][] {
+  const results: number[][] = [];
+  if (test(root)) results.push(prefix);
+  if (root.kind === 'list') {
+    for (let i = 0; i < root.items.length; i++) {
+      results.push(...collectPaths(root.items[i], test, [...prefix, i]));
+    }
+  }
+  return results;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Collect {parentPath, index} for list items matching `test`.
+ * `parentPath` leads to the containing list; `index` is the item's position in it.
+ */
+function collectListPositions(
+  root: Node,
+  test: (item: Node, parentItems: Node[], index: number) => boolean,
+  currentPath: number[] = [],
+): Array<{ parentPath: number[]; index: number }> {
+  const results: Array<{ parentPath: number[]; index: number }> = [];
+  if (root.kind === 'list') {
+    for (let i = 0; i < root.items.length; i++) {
+      if (test(root.items[i], root.items, i)) {
+        results.push({ parentPath: currentPath, index: i });
+      }
+      results.push(
+        ...collectListPositions(root.items[i], test, [...currentPath, i]),
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  return results;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Collect the paths to every list node (including the root list itself).
+ */
+function collectListPaths(root: Node, prefix: number[] = []): number[][] {
+  const results: number[][] = [];
+  if (root.kind === 'list') {
+    results.push(prefix);
+    for (let i = 0; i < root.items.length; i++) {
+      results.push(...collectListPaths(root.items[i], [...prefix, i]));
+    }
+  }
+  return results;
+}
+
+// ---- Validation ----
+
+/**
+ * Return true if the program is structurally and stack-semantically valid.
+ * Uses the transpiler's symbolic stack simulation for validation.
+ */
+export function isValid(program: Push3Program): boolean {
+  try {
+    transpile(program);
+    return true;
+  } catch (e) {
+    // Re-throw non-Error values (e.g. thrown primitives) to surface real bugs.
+    // All transpiler errors are proper Error instances (stack underflow, unknown
+    // instruction, etc.), so only those are caught and treated as invalid programs.
+    if (!(e instanceof Error)) throw e;
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+// ---- Serialiser (useful for testing / deduplication) ----
+
+/**
+ * Serialise a Push3Program back to source text (round-trips through parse()).
+ */
+export function serialize(program: Push3Program): string {
+  switch (program.kind) {
+    case 'int':
+      return program.value.toString();
+    case 'bool':
+      return program.value ? 'TRUE' : 'FALSE';
+    case 'instr':
+      return program.name;
+    case 'name':
+      return program.text;
+    case 'list':
+      return `( ${program.items.map(serialize).join(' ')} )`;
+  }
+}
+
+// ---- Mutation operators ----
+
+/**
+ * Constant perturbation: shift a randomly chosen integer literal by `delta`.
+ *
+ * @param program  Source program (not mutated in-place).
+ * @param delta    Amount to add to the chosen constant (may be negative).
+ * @returns        Mutated program, or the original if no int nodes exist.
+ */
+export function mutateConstant(
+  program: Push3Program,
+  delta: number,
+): Push3Program {
+  const paths = collectPaths(program, (n) => n.kind === 'int');
+  if (paths.length === 0) return program;
+
+  const path = pick(paths);
+  const node = getAt(program, path);
+  if (node.kind !== 'int') return program;
+
+  const newValue = node.value + BigInt(delta);
+  const clampedValue = newValue < 0n ? 0n : newValue;
+  const newNode: Node = { kind: 'int', value: clampedValue };
+  const mutated = replaceAt(program, path, newNode);
+  return isValid(mutated) ? mutated : program;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Operator swap: replace a randomly chosen arithmetic or comparison opcode with
+ * its pair (ADD↔SUB, MUL↔DIV, GT↔LT, GTE↔LTE).
+ *
+ * Stack depth is preserved because all swap pairs have identical stack effects.
+ *
+ * @returns Mutated program, or the original if no swappable ops exist.
+ */
+export function swapOperator(program: Push3Program): Push3Program {
+  const paths = collectPaths(
+    program,
+    (n) => n.kind === 'instr' && SWAP_MAP.has(n.name),
+  );
+  if (paths.length === 0) return program;
+
+  const path = pick(paths);
+  const node = getAt(program, path);
+  if (node.kind !== 'instr') return program;
+
+  const newName = SWAP_MAP.get(node.name)!;
+  const mutated = replaceAt(program, path, { kind: 'instr', name: newName });
+  return isValid(mutated) ? mutated : program;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Instruction deletion: remove a random non-EXEC.IF instruction and validate.
+ *
+ * Rejects mutations that produce invalid stack state (validation via transpiler).
+ *
+ * @returns Mutated program, or the original if deletion produces an invalid program.
+ */
+export function deleteInstruction(program: Push3Program): Push3Program {
+  // Collect only instr nodes (never EXEC.IF itself — that would orphan its branches).
+  // int/bool/name/list nodes are deliberately excluded to preserve program structure.
+  const positions = collectListPositions(
+    program,
+    (item) => item.kind === 'instr' && item.name !== 'EXEC.IF',
+  );
+  if (positions.length === 0) return program;
+
+  const { parentPath, index } = pick(positions);
+  const mutated = deleteAt(program, parentPath, index);
+  return isValid(mutated) ? mutated : program;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Instruction insertion: insert a stack-neutral sequence (push 0 + POP) at a
+ * random position within a random list in the program.
+ *
+ * The inserted sequence has no net effect on stack depth:
+ *   DYADIC stack before: [..., X]
+ *   After `0`:           [..., X, 0]
+ *   After `DYADIC.POP`:  [..., X]   (neutral)
+ *
+ * Rejects insertions that produce invalid stack state.
+ *
+ * @returns Mutated program, or the original if the insertion is invalid.
+ */
+export function insertInstruction(program: Push3Program): Push3Program {
+  const listPaths = collectListPaths(program);
+  if (listPaths.length === 0) return program;
+
+  const listPath = pick(listPaths);
+  const listNode = getAt(program, listPath);
+  if (listNode.kind !== 'list') return program;
+
+  // Random insertion index within the chosen list (including append at end)
+  const insertionIndex = rand(listNode.items.length + 1);
+
+  // Stack-neutral pair: push integer 0, then discard it
+  const neutralPair: Node[] = [
+    { kind: 'int', value: 0n },
+    { kind: 'instr', name: 'DYADIC.POP' },
+  ];
+
+  const mutated = insertAt(program, listPath, insertionIndex, neutralPair);
+  return isValid(mutated) ? mutated : program;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Crossover: single-point crossover of two programs at instruction boundaries.
+ *
+ * Splits `a.items[0..splitA]` with `b.items[splitB..]` and validates the result.
+ * Both programs must be top-level list nodes.
+ *
+ * @returns Combined program, or `a` if either input is not a list or the result
+ *          fails validation.
+ */
+export function crossover(a: Push3Program, b: Push3Program): Push3Program {
+  if (a.kind !== 'list') {
+    const validated = isValid(a) ? a : { kind: 'list', items: [] } as Node;
+    return validated;
+  }
+  if (b.kind !== 'list') return a;
+
+  const splitA = rand(a.items.length + 1);
+  const splitB = rand(b.items.length + 1);
+
+  const newItems = [...a.items.slice(0, splitA), ...b.items.slice(splitB)];
+  const mutated: Node = { kind: 'list', items: newItems };
+  return isValid(mutated) ? mutated : a;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply `rate` random mutations from the four single-program operators.
+ *
+ * Each mutation is applied to the result of the previous one.
+ * Mutations that produce invalid programs are skipped (program unchanged for
+ * that step), so the returned program is always valid.
+ *
+ * @param program  Input program.
+ * @param rate     Number of mutations to attempt.
+ * @returns        Mutated program (always valid when given a valid input).
+ */
+export function mutate(program: Push3Program, rate: number): Push3Program {
+  let current = program;
+  for (let i = 0; i < rate; i++) {
+    switch (rand(4)) {
+      case 0:
+        current = mutateConstant(
+          current,
+          (rand(2) === 0 ? 1 : -1) * (rand(10) + 1),
+        );
+        break;
+      case 1:
+        current = swapOperator(current);
+        break;
+      case 2:
+        current = deleteInstruction(current);
+        break;
+      case 3:
+        current = insertInstruction(current);
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+  return current;
+}
diff --git a/tools/push3-evolution/package-lock.json b/tools/push3-evolution/package-lock.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ab9f8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/push3-evolution/package-lock.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1620 @@
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diff --git a/tools/push3-evolution/package.json b/tools/push3-evolution/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7e42b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/push3-evolution/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "name": "push3-evolution",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "description": "Push3 mutation operators for optimizer evolution",
+  "scripts": {
+    "test": "vitest run",
+    "build": "tsc"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/node": "^20.0.0",
+    "typescript": "^5.0.0",
+    "vitest": "^3.0.0"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tools/push3-evolution/test/mutate.test.ts b/tools/push3-evolution/test/mutate.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86d92b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/push3-evolution/test/mutate.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
+import { readFileSync } from 'fs';
+import { join } from 'path';
+import { parse } from '../../push3-transpiler/src/parser';
+import {
+  mutateConstant,
+  swapOperator,
+  deleteInstruction,
+  insertInstruction,
+  crossover,
+  mutate,
+  isValid,
+  serialize,
+  getAt,
+  replaceAt,
+} from '../mutate';
+import type { Push3Program } from '../mutate';
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Test programs
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// A minimal valid program that leaves 4 values on the DYADIC stack.
+// The stack starts with 8 inputs; we pop 4 (arithmetic), leaving 4 on the stack.
+// ( a b c d ) → stack after: inputs[4..7] + result on each step
+// Simplest: discard top 4 inputs via POP, leaving the bottom 4.
+const FOUR_OUT = parse(
+  '( DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP )',
+);
+
+// Program with arithmetic operators and constants — useful for swapOperator/mutateConstant.
+// Leaves 4 values on stack: uses 4 inputs (slots 4-7 remain as outputs).
+const WITH_ARITH = parse(
+  '( 50 DYADIC.POP 100 DYADIC.+ DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP )',
+);
+
+// Program with a comparison → EXEC.IF block, leaving 4 outputs.
+const WITH_IF = parse(
+  '( DYADIC.DUP 91000000000000000000 DYADIC.> EXEC.IF ( DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP ) ( DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP ) )',
+);
+
+// Empty program — stack has 8 inputs, transpile pops 4 with defaults.
+const EMPTY = parse('( )');
+
+// Single-instruction program.
+const SINGLE_POP = parse('( DYADIC.POP )');
+
+// Load the real optimizer_v3 program.
+let optimizer: Push3Program;
+try {
+  const src = readFileSync(
+    join(__dirname, '../../push3-transpiler/optimizer_v3.push3'),
+    'utf-8',
+  );
+  optimizer = parse(src);
+} catch {
+  // Fall back to WITH_ARITH if file is unavailable.
+  optimizer = WITH_ARITH;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// isValid
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('isValid', () => {
+  it('returns true for a valid program', () => {
+    expect(isValid(FOUR_OUT)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for an empty program (inputs remain on stack)', () => {
+    expect(isValid(EMPTY)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for a non-list node', () => {
+    const notList: Push3Program = { kind: 'int', value: 42n };
+    expect(isValid(notList)).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for a program with stack underflow', () => {
+    // Tries to pop 9 times from a stack that only has 8 inputs.
+    const underflow = parse(
+      '( DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP )',
+    );
+    expect(isValid(underflow)).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for a program with unknown instruction', () => {
+    // Inject an invalid instr node directly.
+    const bad: Push3Program = {
+      kind: 'list',
+      items: [{ kind: 'instr', name: 'DYADIC.NONEXISTENT' }],
+    };
+    expect(isValid(bad)).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// serialize / round-trip
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('serialize', () => {
+  it('round-trips an integer literal', () => {
+    const p = parse('( 12345 DYADIC.POP )');
+    expect(serialize(p)).toBe('( 12345 DYADIC.POP )');
+  });
+
+  it('round-trips boolean literals', () => {
+    const p = parse('( TRUE FALSE )');
+    expect(serialize(p)).toBe('( TRUE FALSE )');
+  });
+});
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// mutateConstant
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('mutateConstant', () => {
+  it('shifts a constant by the given delta', () => {
+    const prog = parse('( 50 DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP )');
+    const mutated = mutateConstant(prog, 5);
+    // The program should change (the constant 50 should become 55).
+    expect(serialize(mutated)).not.toBe(serialize(prog));
+    expect(isValid(mutated)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('clamps to 0 when delta would make constant negative', () => {
+    const prog = parse('( 3 DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP )');
+    const mutated = mutateConstant(prog, -100);
+    expect(isValid(mutated)).toBe(true);
+    // Value should be clamped to 0, not negative.
+    const s = serialize(mutated);
+    expect(s).not.toContain('-');
+  });
+
+  it('returns original when there are no integer literals', () => {
+    const noInts = parse('( DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP )');
+    const mutated = mutateConstant(noInts, 10);
+    expect(serialize(mutated)).toBe(serialize(noInts));
+  });
+
+  it('produces a valid program on optimizer_v3', () => {
+    const mutated = mutateConstant(optimizer, 7);
+    expect(isValid(mutated)).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// swapOperator
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('swapOperator', () => {
+  it('swaps ADD to SUB or vice versa', () => {
+    const prog = parse('( 10 20 DYADIC.+ DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP )');
+    const mutated = swapOperator(prog);
+    expect(isValid(mutated)).toBe(true);
+    // Should have changed (DYADIC.+ → DYADIC.-)
+    expect(serialize(mutated)).toContain('DYADIC.-');
+  });
+
+  it('swaps GT to LT', () => {
+    const prog = parse('( DYADIC.DUP 50 DYADIC.> DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP )');
+    const mutated = swapOperator(prog);
+    expect(isValid(mutated)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('returns original when no swappable operators exist', () => {
+    const noSwap = parse('( DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP )');
+    const mutated = swapOperator(noSwap);
+    expect(serialize(mutated)).toBe(serialize(noSwap));
+  });
+
+  it('produces a valid program on optimizer_v3', () => {
+    const mutated = swapOperator(optimizer);
+    expect(isValid(mutated)).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// deleteInstruction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('deleteInstruction', () => {
+  it('produces a shorter or equal-length program', () => {
+    const prog = parse('( DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.DUP DYADIC.POP )');
+    const mutated = deleteInstruction(prog);
+    expect(isValid(mutated)).toBe(true);
+    // Either deleted one instruction or returned original (if delete broke validity)
+    const origLen = serialize(prog).length;
+    const mutLen = serialize(mutated).length;
+    expect(mutLen).toBeLessThanOrEqual(origLen);
+  });
+
+  it('returns original for a program with no deletable instructions', () => {
+    // A program with only EXEC.IF and its branches — no stand-alone non-EXEC.IF instrs
+    // at a directly deletable position without breaking structure.
+    const noDelete: Push3Program = {
+      kind: 'list',
+      items: [],
+    };
+    const mutated = deleteInstruction(noDelete);
+    expect(serialize(mutated)).toBe(serialize(noDelete));
+  });
+
+  it('produces a valid program on optimizer_v3', () => {
+    const mutated = deleteInstruction(optimizer);
+    expect(isValid(mutated)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('handles single-instruction programs', () => {
+    // Deleting the only instruction may leave an empty but valid program.
+    const mutated = deleteInstruction(SINGLE_POP);
+    expect(isValid(mutated)).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// insertInstruction
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('insertInstruction', () => {
+  it('produces a longer program', () => {
+    const mutated = insertInstruction(FOUR_OUT);
+    expect(isValid(mutated)).toBe(true);
+    // Should have grown by 2 tokens (push 0 + DYADIC.POP)
+    expect(serialize(mutated).length).toBeGreaterThan(serialize(FOUR_OUT).length);
+  });
+
+  it('produces a valid program on optimizer_v3', () => {
+    const mutated = insertInstruction(optimizer);
+    expect(isValid(mutated)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('handles an empty program', () => {
+    const mutated = insertInstruction(EMPTY);
+    expect(isValid(mutated)).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// crossover
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('crossover', () => {
+  it('produces a valid combined program from two valid parents', () => {
+    const a = FOUR_OUT;
+    const b = parse('( DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP )');
+    // crossover may return a or fallback if combined is invalid — that is correct behaviour
+    const child = crossover(a, b);
+    expect(isValid(child)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('returns `a` when `a` is not a list', () => {
+    const notList: Push3Program = { kind: 'list', items: [] };
+    const b = FOUR_OUT;
+    const child = crossover(notList, b);
+    expect(isValid(child)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('returns `a` when combined result is invalid', () => {
+    // It's hard to guarantee invalidity without controlling the split points,
+    // so we just verify the return is always valid.
+    const child = crossover(FOUR_OUT, WITH_ARITH);
+    expect(isValid(child)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('produces a valid program with two optimizer programs', () => {
+    const seed = parse('( DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP )');
+    const child = crossover(optimizer, seed);
+    expect(isValid(child)).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// mutate (meta-operator)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('mutate', () => {
+  it('returns a valid program with rate=0 (identity)', () => {
+    const result = mutate(FOUR_OUT, 0);
+    expect(isValid(result)).toBe(true);
+    expect(serialize(result)).toBe(serialize(FOUR_OUT));
+  });
+
+  it('returns a valid program with rate=1', () => {
+    const result = mutate(optimizer, 1);
+    expect(isValid(result)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('returns a valid program with rate=3', () => {
+    const result = mutate(optimizer, 3);
+    expect(isValid(result)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('returns a valid program with rate=10 (max stress)', () => {
+    const result = mutate(optimizer, 10);
+    expect(isValid(result)).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('mutate(optimizer_v3, 3) produces at least 10 distinct valid variants', () => {
+    const seen = new Set<string>();
+    const TRIALS = 20;
+    for (let i = 0; i < TRIALS; i++) {
+      const variant = mutate(optimizer, 3);
+      expect(isValid(variant)).toBe(true);
+      seen.add(serialize(variant));
+    }
+    // With 20 trials, expect at least 10 distinct results (mutations are randomized).
+    expect(seen.size).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(10);
+  });
+});
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Edge cases
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('edge cases', () => {
+  it('all operators handle an empty program gracefully', () => {
+    expect(isValid(mutateConstant(EMPTY, 5))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid(swapOperator(EMPTY))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid(deleteInstruction(EMPTY))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid(insertInstruction(EMPTY))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid(crossover(EMPTY, EMPTY))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid(mutate(EMPTY, 3))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('all operators handle a single-instruction program gracefully', () => {
+    expect(isValid(mutateConstant(SINGLE_POP, 1))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid(swapOperator(SINGLE_POP))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid(deleteInstruction(SINGLE_POP))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid(insertInstruction(SINGLE_POP))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid(crossover(SINGLE_POP, SINGLE_POP))).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid(mutate(SINGLE_POP, 3))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('maintains validity across deep stack programs', () => {
+    // Push 7 extra values then do arithmetic — exercises deeper stack paths.
+    const deep = parse(
+      '( 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DYADIC.+ DYADIC.+ DYADIC.+ DYADIC.+ DYADIC.+ DYADIC.+ DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP )',
+    );
+    expect(isValid(deep)).toBe(true);
+    expect(isValid(mutate(deep, 5))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('getAt and replaceAt are inverse operations', () => {
+    const prog = parse('( 10 20 DYADIC.+ DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP DYADIC.POP )');
+    const path = [0]; // first item: int 10
+    const node = getAt(prog, path);
+    expect(node.kind).toBe('int');
+    const restored = replaceAt(prog, path, node);
+    expect(serialize(restored)).toBe(serialize(prog));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tools/push3-evolution/tsconfig.json b/tools/push3-evolution/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37fbbf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/push3-evolution/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2022",
+    "module": "CommonJS",
+    "moduleResolution": "node",
+    "strict": true,
+    "esModuleInterop": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "outDir": "dist",
+    "rootDir": "."
+  },
+  "include": ["./**/*.ts"],
+  "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"]
+}